From Constraint to Capability: Examining Institutional Dynamics of Extent of Women with Disabilities via the Affirmative Model in Kohat Division-Pakistan

Abstract

This study examines how institutional dynamics shape the social exclusion of women with disabilities in the Kohat Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, using the Affirmative Model of Disability. A cross-sectional survey of 370 proportionally selected respondents—with support from Social Welfare Offices and senior oral instructors—focused on women with physical, auditory, verbal, and stature-related disabilities, excluding those with intellectual impairments. Reliability testing produced a strong Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.87. Chi-square and Kendall’s Tau-b analyses revealed a significant relationship between institutional factors and social exclusion (χ² = 13.073, p = 0.000; Tb = 0.188), showing that weaker institutional mechanisms heighten exclusion, particularly among older women. The findings affirm that exclusion stems from structural and attitudinal barriers rather than impairment itself. The study calls for stronger institutional support, community awareness, and affirmative practices to reduce exclusion in the region.