Economic Contributions of Medicinal Plants to Rural Livelihoods in Siran Valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Abstract

This study examines the socioeconomic, cultural, and ecological aspects of herbal plant use in Siran Valley, focusing on their contribution to household livelihoods and potential for sustainable development. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining quantitative data from a household survey of 50 respondents with qualitative insights from interviews and field observations involving local traditional healers. Quantitative analysis described demographic characteristics, household size, education levels, livelihood sources, and the extent of reliance on herbal plants, while qualitative analysis explored harvesting practices, knowledge transmission, market access, and sustainability concerns. Findings reveal that herbal plants serve both as a primary source of income for some households and as a supplementary safety net for others, with multigenerational participation and medium-to-large household sizes supporting labor-intensive activities. The study also identifies challenges such as limited market access, dependence on intermediaries, insufficient price information, partial knowledge of sustainable harvesting, and minimal institutional support. Traditional knowledge plays a central role in guiding harvesting and medicinal use, though younger generations show declining engagement. The research highlights the economic and cultural importance of herbal plants, emphasizing the need for market development, capacity building, cultivation support, knowledge preservation, and stronger institutional engagement. These measures are essential to enhance income opportunities, ensure sustainable resource use, and safeguard the continuity of local medicinal traditions. The study provides a foundation for policy interventions and future research aimed at improving both livelihoods and ecological sustainability in rural communities.