Federalism as a Dilemma in Pakistan: Navigating National Unity and Governance Challenges (2010-2015)

Abstract

Federalism has been a persistent challenge in Pakistan, where the tension between provincial autonomy and national unity has shaped its political and administrative landscape. This study examines the federal dynamics of Pakistan during 2010-2015, a period marked by the transformative 18th Amendment to the Constitution. While the amendment aimed to decentralize power and address long-standing provincial grievances, its implementation revealed systemic issues, including administrative inefficiencies, unequal resource distribution, and resistance from centralized institutions. Ethnic diversity, socio-economic disparities, and political instability further compounded these challenges, underscoring the fragility of Pakistan’s federal framework. This research identifies the gaps in institutional capacities, the complexities of inter-provincial coordination, and the inadequacies of mechanisms such as the National Finance Commission (NFC) Award in bridging regional inequalities. Despite these hurdles, the study highlights the potential of democratic processes and constitutional reforms to foster greater inclusivity and cooperation. The findings emphasize the need for strengthening provincial governance structures, revising resource allocation frameworks, and fostering collaborative federalism to navigate these challenges effectively. Recommendations include empowering local governments, addressing ethnic grievances, enhancing institutional accountability, and promoting equitable development across provinces. By addressing these structural and political dilemmas, Pakistan can transform its federal system into a cohesive framework that ensures both national unity and regional empowerment, paving the way for sustainable governance and socio-economic progress.